System of control



R. E. HELLMUND.

SYSTEM OF CONTROL.

APPLICATION FILED OCT. 7, 1915.

Patented July 1, 1919.

INVENTOR fizzda/fffiW/mwmf o o o 0 BY 0 o ATTORNEY WITNESSES dwl-fcb Position.

UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.

RUDOLF EHELLMUND, OF PITTSBURGH, PENNSYLVANIA, ASSIGNOR TO WEST- INGHOUSE ELECTRIC AND MANUFACTURING COMPANY, A' CORPORATION OF PENNSYLVANIA.

' SYSTEM 01 CONTROL.

Specification of Letters Patent.

Patented July 1, 1919.

To all whom it may concern:

Be it known that I, RUDOLF HnLnMUNn, a subject of the German Emplre, and a resldent of Pittsburgh, in the county of Al le-' gheny and State of Pennsylvama, have 1n vented a new and useful Improvement in Systems of Control, of which the following is a specification.

My invention relates to dynamo-electric machines and systems of control therefor, and it has special reference to phase-advancing means for effectin power-factor regulation of polyphase in uction motors or systems of distribution. p

The object of my invention is to provlde a system of the above-indicated character which shall embody a phase-advancer that is connected between thesecondary windings of the induction motor to be regulated and a polyphas interconnected rheostatic device by means of which the motor operation 15 governed, whereby the phase advancer may be operated concurrently with the governmg rheostat to compensate for the varying loads and accompanying power-factors of the induction motor.

More specifically stated, it is the object of my invention to provide a system of the class referred to that'shall embody improvements over the system disclosed in my copending application, Serial No. 49,755, filed September 9, 1915.

In the prior art, as represented by my above-identified co-pending application, a phase-advancing dynamo-electric machine was provided with a plurality of independent armature phase windings that were connected in respective series relation with a plurality of the secondary phase windings of the induction motor to be regulated. The stator ofthe phase-advancing machine was provided with a plurality of field-magnet windings disposed in quadrature relation, the one to the other, said windings further bein so disposed as to induce various values 0 energy currents in the armature windings of the phase-advancing machine, to vary the voltage and the power-factor regulation of the induction motor as the load and the slip thereof was changed. Means were provided for short-circuiting the field-magnet windings under predetermined load conditions and for connecting them in series-circuit relation with the respective armature windings under other load conditions.

However, I have discovered that better and smoother voltage'and power-factor regulation may be effected, provided the fieldmagnet windings referred ta are introduced into, and excluded from, circuit in a more gradual manner; and, with. this end in view, I provide a plurality of suitable translating devices, such as resistors, that are connected in parallel relation to the respective fieldmagnet windings, and a plurality of switching means for short-circuiting predetermined sections of the translating devices, if desired, under certain load. conditions, to gradually vary the effect of the field-magnet windings upon the armature voltages induced in the phase-advancing machine.

Whenever it is desired. to effect certain changes in the slip of induction motors, and, at the same time, to introduc a wattlcss component into the secondary winding thereof for the purpose of powcnfactor cor-- rection, the field excitation of the phasead vancer machine employed may be properly regulated in phase by the use of either double field-magnet windings or distributed windings with movable connections. The invention hereinafter described embodies means for effecting the desiredobject in a relatively simple and reliable manner.

One well-known way of regulating the voltage of a base-advancing machine is to vary its spec by means of a suitable driving motor, but'such speed variation is not possible in cases where it is desired to drive the hase-advancer by some other auxiliary mac line, as, for instance, a phase-converter that is employed in certain types of locomotives for converting single-phase to poly phaseenergy and which operates at a substantially constant speed. On the other hand, my present invention is adapted to provide the required regulation, even though the phase-advancer operates at a practically steady speed.

In order to better effect the desired power factor regulation, I employ a pl1aseadvancer machine of the familiar Leblanc type provided with a stator or field-magnet structure having a. plurality of commutating notches that respectively correspond to the .brush positions of the armature windings,

and a plurality of field-magnet winding are wound upon the stator to magnetize a relatively small portion of the polar face area. Consequently, whenever the field windings are short-circuited, the flux set up by the windings is damped out to a predetermined extent, or, in other words, the field excitation is. materially weakened. i

In the accompanying drawing, Figure 1 is a diagrammatic view of a system of con trol embodying my invention; Fig. 2 1s. a

similar view of a modification thereof; Fig. 3 is a diagrammatic view of the preferred construction of the phase-advancing machine that is employed in my invention; Fig/1 is a vector diagram indicating the relation of the electromotiveforces that are developed in my phase-advancing machine;

and Fig. 5 is a sequence chart of well-known.

form for indicatin the operation of the switches that are il ustrated in Fig. 1 and Fi 2.

Tteferring to the drawing, the system shown comprises aplurality of alternatingcu'rrent supply-circuit conductors A, B and C; an induction motor having a pluralit of primary. star-connected three-phase win ings P 1? and P and a plurality of secondary similarly connected phase windings S S and S; a phase-advancer PA for regulating the power-factor of the induction motor; a polyphase interconnected .re-

sistor LR that is employed in connection with the secondary induction-motor windings and "the phase-advancer;:-a suitable.

driving mot-or DM for the phase-advancer;

and a plurality ofv translating devices 1 and 2 that are employed in' connection with my invention in a manner to be described.

lVhile I have illustrated my invention in connection with a star-connected induction motor, it will be understood that the invention is equally applicable to the delta-connected type of motors.

The phase advancer PA is of well-known type, having a plurality of independent armature windings (not shown) that are connected, in the usual manner, with commutators 3 and 4, respectively, and a plurality of stationary field-magnet windings 5 and 6 that are disposed in quadrature relation, the one to the other, and that respectively form closed local circuits with the resistors l and 2. The armature winding that is connected with the commutator 3 is provided with a pair of oppositely-disposed brushes 7, while the other armature winding that is connected to the commutator 4 is provided with a pair of brushes 8 that aredisposed in quadrature relation to the other brushes 7 The secondary winding S of the induction motor is connected in series relation with the armature having the brushes 7 to one terminal of the polyphase interconnected resistor LR; asecond secondary winding S is connected through the brushes 8 to another terminal of the resistor LR, while the remaining secondary phase winding S is connected directly to the remaining terminal of the resistor.

type of. driving The field-magnet winding 5 is dis osed in quadrature relation to the brus es 7. and is ada ted to modify the correctiverotational' vo ta'ge in the corresponding armature windin by reason of the rotational electromotive orce between the field winding 5 and the armature winding .in question. Similarly, the field winding 6 is disposed in quadrature relation to the brushes'8 and is adapted to modify the' rotational corrective quadrature component of electromotive force in the corresponding armature winding, as set forth more fully later.

The auxiliary driving motor DMmay be coupled to the phase advancer PA in any suitable manner, as by a shaft 9, and is shown as comprising an armature windin 10 and a series-connected field-magnet win ing 11. The driving motor may be conveniently connected across the phase conductors'B and G of the polyphase supply circuit. It will be understood that any other motor maybe employed, if desired. 3

The polyphase interconnected resistor is here shown as comprising a liquid rheostat LR of a familiar type having a single containing case 12 and a plurality of suitably spaced terminals or electrode plates 13 that are adapted for variable immersion in a body of su1table electrolyte.

The translating device or resistor 1 is con- ,nected in parallel relation to the field-magnet winding 5 and is adapted to have its sections short-circuited by switches 14 and 15, respectively. Ina similar manner, the resistor'R is connected in parallel relation tothe'field-magnet winding 6, and a plurality of switches 16 and 17 are adapted to shortrcircuit predetermined sections of the. resistor.

The switches just mentioned may be of any form familiar in the art and the operation thereof may be conveniently governed through the agency of almaster controller (not shown) which is designed and adapted culty in understanding the operation. of my invention, it has not been deemed necessary to illustrate and describe in detail any form of controller for eifecting the desired cir-.

cuit connections. 1

Referring now to Fig. 3, the structure shown comprises the armature windings a 8, in accordance with-a familiar practice."

The field-magnetf winding 5 is shown as 1 comprising two oppositely-disposed parts that respectively surround the connnutating notches 19 that are disposed in alinement with the brushes 8. S1milar1y, the fie1d magnet winding 6 comprises two portions that are diametrically oppositely-disposed;

to' respectivel y inclose the vcommutating notches 19 that are alined with the brushes 7. In this way, the independent field-mag; net windings. respectively surround, and are 3 adapted to magnetize, only. a relatively small portion of the; total polar face area of the stator. Consequently, upon short-circuiting the field-magnet windings, the flux vset up by them will be damped out to a relav tively great extent, and the effective field l machine PA as, for example that associated V with the, brushes Neg ecti-ng the relativelysmall influence of leakagereactance,

excitation will be materially weakened. On

the other hand, if the short circuiting switches are opened, the field-magnet windings will exert their maximum stren h, and

80 an intermediate step may be obtained by closing only one pair of the'switches that are associated with the respective field-magv r by the vectorSC. As a result,-the point X net windings. Still another-step mlght be obtained, if

windings to cause their am re-turfns to op= pose the ampere-turns of t e armature, but

in the majority of cases, the system illustrated in the figure will be'sufiicient'for the to ing switches may be provided.

' I It is a well-known fact that, the illustrated type of phase-advancer, a relatively when the induction motor is operating under light-load conditions, also that, when a relatively low resistance'is included in the secondary circuitof the induction motored; c'ompanied' by a relatively low' secondary frequency, a light field excitation "for the phase-advancer is required, .whereas, in. case y be understood that thephase-advancer field excitation should varyproportionately, in'

accordance with the principles mentioned.

It will thus be noted that thefield wind 0 ings 5 and 6 serve as the secondary members sistor 5. acts as a load upon the secondary of said transformer, the flux relations and vector' diagram, when the resistor is'in cir'' cuit, being substantially those 'of the :ordidesired, by connecting the field-magnetdesired purpose. It will be understood that i any suitable number of resistor short-circuit connection with the sequencechart of Fig. 5, weak field excitation is required, under normal or full-load oondfitions,w e arela-' tively heavy field excitation [s "necessary;

a relatively heavyresistance is connected in the secondary circuit, accompanied vby relaof transformers, I the a primary windings I thereof being the armature windings having the relatively coaxially disposed brushes. Thus, the armature winding associated with the brushes 8--8 acts'as the-primary ni'emher of aztransformenj the' secondary. member of'whichis the field winding 5. The phasedisplacing orcorrective electromotive force between the brushes.77 is the rotational electromotive force established by cutting the transformer flux of said transformer rovided by th'ewinding associated with the v rushes 88 and the winding 5.- There;

may transformer, whereas the flu'x relations J an vector-diagram, when theresistor "1 i shortcircuite'd, are substantiallyfthose of ,the current transformen' 7 q "Thus in the vectordiagram of Fig. 4, .the

horizontalwector AC may. represent the magnetization by the current in one of the armature windings ofothe' phaSe-advancing'Q the voltage induced in the stator winding, and, consequently, the current flowing therein, has a phase relation at right angles tothe resulting field and may be represented representing the resultant field referred to must travel along the are of a circle, as indicated. It is evident,therefore, that, by-regulating the resistors 1 and 2, we can change the magnitude aiid direction of the 'vecto'r SGiand, consequently, obtain variousphase angles for the resultant field and finally for the corrective voltage that. is induced in the armature of the phase-ad vancer. The operation of my invention, taken in maybe briefly stated as follows; Upon start- 119 high and, inorder to avoid'excessive sparking, the field excitation of the phaseadvancer PA is weakened by closing all of I the'switches 14: to 17, inclusive, to complete the short-circuiting of the field-magnet 'windings 5 and 6. As the motor speeds up 9 and the resistance of the liquid rheostat LR is gradually decreased, the slip frequency correspondinglydecreases, and it is perm1s- 'sible to strengthen the field excitation of the phase-advancer;

To effect the desired increase'of field excitation, the master controller or other governing device that is employed may be ma- "nipulated to open the switches 14.and 16, as

indicated by position b of Fig. ,5. When the liquid rheostat LR is practically short-circuited so that the induction motors are run ning under normal speed and load conditions, the field excitation of the phaseadvancer may be still further increased by opening the switches 15 and 17, as indicated by position 0 of the sequence chart. In this case, the voltage induced in the closed local circuits, respectively including the fieldmagnet windings 5 and 6, in turn develops, in the quadrature-related armature winding of the phase advancer, an energy component and increased voltage that suitably compcn sate for the slip of the induction motor, while the wattless currents induced in the phaseadvancer armature windings, in accordance with well-known principles, serve to regulate the power-factor of the motor and of the connected supply circuit.

Referring now to Fig. 2, the only d1 flerence from the system illustrated in Fig. 1 resides in the insertion of the field-magnet windings 5 and 6, that respectively correspond to the field windings 5 and 6 of Fig. 1, in series-circuit relation with the armature windings of the phase-advancer that are connected with the commutators & and 3, respectively.

It will be understood that the operation of the field-magnet windings 5 and 6 in connection with the quadrature-related armature windings of the phase-advancer PA is very similar to that described in Fig. 1, and no further discussion of the operation thereof is deemed necessary.

In general, it may be stated that the phaseadvancer armature windings in the system illustrated in Fig. 1 are exclusively inductively related to the field-winding circuits, while, in the system shown in Fig. 2, the respective armature-winding currents actually traverse the corresponding field-magnet windings. or, in other words, the armature windings are conductively related to the field-winding circuits.

I do not wish to be restricted to the specific structural details or arrangement of parts or circuit connections herein set forth, as various modifications thereof may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of my invention. I desire, therefore, that only such limitations shall be imposed as are indicated in the appended claims.

I claim as my invention:

1. In polyphase, phase-advancing apparatus embodying conductively independent phase-windings, a secondary winding inductively interlinked with one of said phasewindings. an adjustable impedance device connected across the terminals of said secondary winding, whereby the phase of the interlinking transformer flux may be varied, and means for inducing av corrective electromotive force in another phase winding whose phase varies with the phase of said transformer flux.

2. In polyphase, phase-advancing appa- "atus embodying conductively independent phase-windings, a-secondary winding inductivel interlinked with one of said phasewinc ings, and an adjustable impedance device connected across the terminals of said secondary winding, whereby the phase of the interlinking transformer flux may be varied, another of said phase-windings being so disposed as to out said transformer flux, whereby a corrective electromotive force is generated therein which varies in magnitude and phase with said fiuX.

3. In a polyphase, phase-displacing dynamo-electric machine, an armature provided with a plurality of distinct windings and with commutating means therefor including a plurality of brush sets mounted in different commutatinr planes, a connection from each of a plurahty of phases of a polyphase system to each of said brush sets, respectively, a field winding substantially in line, electrically, with each of said brush sets, whereby a transformer action exists between each field winding and the armature coils included between the coaxially disposed brushes, means for driving said dynamoelectric machine, and means for providing a closed current ath of variable resistance between the termlnals of each field winding, respectively, whereby the phase of the transformer flux interlinked with each field winding may be varied and an electromotive force of adjustable phase displacement induced in the other phases connected to said machine.

4. The combination with a three-phase system, of a phase-displacing dynamo-electrie machine comprising an armature provided with a plurality of distinct windings and with commutating means therefor including two brush sets mounted in respective space quadrature, connections for including said brush sets in two phases of said system, respectively, afield winding electrically in line with each of said brush sets, and means for connecting a shunt path of adjustable resistance across each of said field windings, whereby the phase of the transformer flux interlinked with each of said field windings may be varied and thereby the phase of the rotational electromotive force induced in the phase connected to the other brush set.

5. A phase-advancer comprising an armature having a. plurality of independent phase windings, a set of brushes for each winding, a field-magnet structure having a plurality of commutating notches respectively corresponding to the several brushes, and a plurality of field-magnet windings severally adapted to magnctize relatively small portions, only, of the remaining polar face area of the field-magnet structure.

6. A phase-shifting dynamo-electric machine comprising an armature, commutating apparatus embodying .a plurality of mutually displaced brush-sets, a stator structure provided with a plurality of commutating notches in electrical alinement with said brush-sets, respectively, and a. plurality of 10 field windings mounted upon said stator structure and in proximity to said notches, respectively, each of said field windings be ing operative upon only a restricted portion of the olar face of said stator member on each si e of the associated notch.

In testimony whereof, I have hereunto subscribed my; name this 30th day of Sept, 1915.

E. HELLMU'ND. 

